Metric assortment is a necessary a part of each machine studying challenge, enabling us to trace mannequin efficiency and monitor coaching progress. Ideally, Metrics ought to be collected and computed with out introducing any further overhead to the coaching course of. Nonetheless, identical to different elements of the coaching loop, inefficient metric computation can introduce pointless overhead, improve training-step instances and inflate coaching prices.
This publish is the seventh in our sequence on efficiency profiling and optimization in PyTorch. The sequence has aimed to emphasise the vital position of efficiency evaluation and Optimization in machine studying growth. Every publish has targeted on totally different phases of the coaching pipeline, demonstrating sensible instruments and strategies for analyzing and boosting useful resource utilization and runtime effectivity.
On this installment, we give attention to metric assortment. We are going to exhibit how a naïve implementation of metric assortment can negatively impression runtime efficiency and discover instruments and strategies for its evaluation and optimization.
To implement our metric assortment, we’ll use TorchMetrics a well-liked library designed to simplify and standardize metric computation in Pytorch. Our objectives can be to:
- Reveal the runtime overhead brought on by a naïve implementation of metric assortment.
- Use PyTorch Profiler to pinpoint efficiency bottlenecks launched by metric computation.
- Reveal optimization strategies to cut back metric assortment overhead.
To facilitate our dialogue, we’ll outline a toy PyTorch mannequin and assess how metric assortment can impression its runtime efficiency. We are going to run our experiments on an NVIDIA A40 GPU, with a PyTorch 2.5.1 docker picture and TorchMetrics 1.6.1.
It’s essential to notice that metric assortment conduct can differ significantly relying on the {hardware}, runtime surroundings, and mannequin structure. The code snippets offered on this publish are supposed for demonstrative functions solely. Please don’t interpret our point out of any instrument or method as an endorsement for its use.
Toy Resnet Mannequin
Within the code block under we outline a easy picture classification mannequin with a ResNet-18 spine.
import time
import torch
import torchvision
gadget = "cuda"
mannequin = torchvision.fashions.resnet18().to(gadget)
criterion = torch.nn.CrossEntropyLoss()
optimizer = torch.optim.SGD(mannequin.parameters())We outline an artificial dataset which we’ll use to coach our toy mannequin.
from torch.utils.information import Dataset, DataLoader
# A dataset with random photographs and labels
class FakeDataset(Dataset):
def __len__(self):
return 100000000
def __getitem__(self, index):
rand_image = torch.randn([3, 224, 224], dtype=torch.float32)
label = torch.tensor(information=index % 1000, dtype=torch.int64)
return rand_image, label
train_set = FakeDataset()
batch_size = 128
num_workers = 12
train_loader = DataLoader(
dataset=train_set,
batch_size=batch_size,
num_workers=num_workers,
pin_memory=True
)We outline a set of ordinary metrics from TorchMetrics, together with a management flag to allow or disable metric calculation.
from torchmetrics import (
MeanMetric,
Accuracy,
Precision,
Recall,
F1Score,
)
# toggle to allow/disable metric assortment
capture_metrics = False
if capture_metrics:
metrics = {
"avg_loss": MeanMetric(),
"accuracy": Accuracy(process="multiclass", num_classes=1000),
"precision": Precision(process="multiclass", num_classes=1000),
"recall": Recall(process="multiclass", num_classes=1000),
"f1_score": F1Score(process="multiclass", num_classes=1000),
}
# Transfer all metrics to the gadget
metrics = {title: metric.to(gadget) for title, metric in metrics.gadgets()}Subsequent, we outline a PyTorch Profiler occasion, together with a management flag that permits us to allow or disable profiling. For an in depth tutorial on utilizing PyTorch Profiler, please check with the first publish on this sequence.
from torch import profiler
# toggle to allow/disable profiling
enable_profiler = True
if enable_profiler:
prof = profiler.profile(
schedule=profiler.schedule(wait=10, warmup=2, energetic=3, repeat=1),
on_trace_ready=profiler.tensorboard_trace_handler("./logs/"),
profile_memory=True,
with_stack=True
)
prof.begin()Lastly, we outline a typical coaching step:
mannequin.prepare()
t0 = time.perf_counter()
total_time = 0
rely = 0
for idx, (information, goal) in enumerate(train_loader):
information = information.to(gadget, non_blocking=True)
goal = goal.to(gadget, non_blocking=True)
optimizer.zero_grad()
output = mannequin(information)
loss = criterion(output, goal)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
if capture_metrics:
# replace metrics
metrics["avg_loss"].replace(loss)
for title, metric in metrics.gadgets():
if title != "avg_loss":
metric.replace(output, goal)
if (idx + 1) % 100 == 0:
# compute metrics
metric_results = {
title: metric.compute().merchandise()
for title, metric in metrics.gadgets()
}
# print metrics
print(f"Step {idx + 1}: {metric_results}")
# reset metrics
for metric in metrics.values():
metric.reset()
elif (idx + 1) % 100 == 0:
# print final loss worth
print(f"Step {idx + 1}: Loss = {loss.merchandise():.4f}")
batch_time = time.perf_counter() - t0
t0 = time.perf_counter()
if idx > 10: # skip first steps
total_time += batch_time
rely += 1
if enable_profiler:
prof.step()
if idx > 200:
break
if enable_profiler:
prof.cease()
avg_time = total_time/rely
print(f'Common step time: {avg_time}')
print(f'Throughput: {batch_size/avg_time:.2f} photographs/sec')Metric Assortment Overhead
To measure the impression of metric assortment on coaching step time, we ran our coaching script each with and with out metric calculation. The outcomes are summarized within the following desk.
Our naïve metric assortment resulted in an almost 10% drop in runtime efficiency!! Whereas metric assortment is important for machine studying growth, it normally includes comparatively easy mathematical operations and hardly warrants such a big overhead. What’s going on?!!
Figuring out Efficiency Points with PyTorch Profiler
To raised perceive the supply of the efficiency degradation, we reran the coaching script with the PyTorch Profiler enabled. The resultant hint is proven under:
The hint reveals recurring “cudaStreamSynchronize” operations that coincide with noticeable drops in GPU utilization. Some of these “CPU-GPU sync” occasions have been mentioned intimately in half two of our sequence. In a typical coaching step, the CPU and GPU work in parallel: The CPU manages duties like information transfers to the GPU and kernel loading, and the GPU executes the mannequin on the enter information and updates its weights. Ideally, we wish to reduce the factors of synchronization between the CPU and GPU as a way to maximize efficiency. Right here, nevertheless, we will see that the metric assortment has triggered a sync occasion by performing a CPU to GPU information copy. This requires the CPU to droop its processing till the GPU catches up which, in flip, causes the GPU to attend for the CPU to renew loading the following kernel operations. The underside line is that these synchronization factors result in inefficient utilization of each the CPU and GPU. Our metric assortment implmentation provides eight such synchronization occasions to every coaching step.
A more in-depth examination of the hint exhibits that the sync occasions are coming from the replace name of the MeanMetric TorchMetric. For the skilled profiling knowledgeable, this can be adequate to establish the foundation trigger, however we’ll go a step additional and use the torch.profiler.record_function utility to establish the precise offending line of code.
Profiling with record_function
To pinpoint the precise supply of the sync occasion, we prolonged the MeanMetric class and overrode the replace methodology utilizing record_function context blocks. This method permits us to profile particular person operations throughout the methodology and establish efficiency bottlenecks.
class ProfileMeanMetric(MeanMetric):
def replace(self, worth, weight = 1.0):
# broadcast weight to worth form
with profiler.record_function("course of worth"):
if not isinstance(worth, torch.Tensor):
worth = torch.as_tensor(worth, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
with profiler.record_function("course of weight"):
if weight isn't None and never isinstance(weight, torch.Tensor):
weight = torch.as_tensor(weight, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
with profiler.record_function("broadcast weight"):
weight = torch.broadcast_to(weight, worth.form)
with profiler.record_function("cast_and_nan_check"):
worth, weight = self._cast_and_nan_check_input(worth, weight)
if worth.numel() == 0:
return
with profiler.record_function("replace worth"):
self.mean_value += (worth * weight).sum()
with profiler.record_function("replace weight"):
self.weight += weight.sum()We then up to date our avg_loss metric to make use of the newly created ProfileMeanMetric and reran the coaching script.
The up to date hint reveals that the sync occasion originates from the next line:
weight = torch.as_tensor(weight, dtype=self.dtype, gadget=self.gadget)This operation converts the default scalar worth weight=1.0 right into a PyTorch tensor and locations it on the GPU. The sync occasion happens as a result of this motion triggers a CPU-to-GPU information copy, which requires the CPU to attend for the GPU to course of the copied worth.
Optimization 1: Specify Weight Worth
Now that we have now discovered the supply of the difficulty, we will overcome it simply by specifying a weight worth in our replace name. This prevents the runtime from changing the default scalar weight=1.0 right into a tensor on the GPU, avoiding the sync occasion:
# replace metrics
if capture_metric:
metrics["avg_loss"].replace(loss, weight=torch.ones_like(loss))Rerunning the script after making use of this modification reveals that we have now succeeded in eliminating the preliminary sync occasion… solely to have uncovered a brand new one, this time coming from the _cast_and_nan_check_input perform:
Profiling with record_function — Half 2
To discover our new sync occasion, we prolonged our customized metric with further profiling probes and reran our script.
class ProfileMeanMetric(MeanMetric):
def replace(self, worth, weight = 1.0):
# broadcast weight to worth form
with profiler.record_function("course of worth"):
if not isinstance(worth, torch.Tensor):
worth = torch.as_tensor(worth, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
with profiler.record_function("course of weight"):
if weight isn't None and never isinstance(weight, torch.Tensor):
weight = torch.as_tensor(weight, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
with profiler.record_function("broadcast weight"):
weight = torch.broadcast_to(weight, worth.form)
with profiler.record_function("cast_and_nan_check"):
worth, weight = self._cast_and_nan_check_input(worth, weight)
if worth.numel() == 0:
return
with profiler.record_function("replace worth"):
self.mean_value += (worth * weight).sum()
with profiler.record_function("replace weight"):
self.weight += weight.sum()
def _cast_and_nan_check_input(self, x, weight = None):
"""Convert enter ``x`` to a tensor and examine for Nans."""
with profiler.record_function("course of x"):
if not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
x = torch.as_tensor(x, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
with profiler.record_function("course of weight"):
if weight isn't None and never isinstance(weight, torch.Tensor):
weight = torch.as_tensor(weight, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
nans = torch.isnan(x)
if weight isn't None:
nans_weight = torch.isnan(weight)
else:
nans_weight = torch.zeros_like(nans).bool()
weight = torch.ones_like(x)
with profiler.record_function("any nans"):
anynans = nans.any() or nans_weight.any()
with profiler.record_function("course of nans"):
if anynans:
if self.nan_strategy == "error":
increase RuntimeError("Encountered `nan` values in tensor")
if self.nan_strategy in ("ignore", "warn"):
if self.nan_strategy == "warn":
print("Encountered `nan` values in tensor."
" Can be eliminated.")
x = x[~(nans | nans_weight)]
weight = weight[~(nans | nans_weight)]
else:
if not isinstance(self.nan_strategy, float):
increase ValueError(f"`nan_strategy` shall be float"
f" however you cross {self.nan_strategy}")
x[nans | nans_weight] = self.nan_strategy
weight[nans | nans_weight] = self.nan_strategy
with profiler.record_function("return worth"):
retval = x.to(self.dtype), weight.to(self.dtype)
return retvalThe resultant hint is captured under:
The hint factors on to the offending line:
anynans = nans.any() or nans_weight.any()This operation checks for NaN values within the enter tensors, nevertheless it introduces a pricey CPU-GPU synchronization occasion as a result of the operation includes copying information from the GPU to the CPU.
Upon a more in-depth inspection of the TorchMetric BaseAggregator class, we discover a number of choices for dealing with NAN worth updates, all of which cross by means of the offending line of code. Nonetheless, for our use case — calculating the typical loss metric — this examine is pointless and doesn’t justify the runtime efficiency penalty.
Optimization 2: Disable NAN Worth Checks
To get rid of the overhead, we suggest disabling the NaN worth checks by overriding the _cast_and_nan_check_input perform. As an alternative of a static override, we applied a dynamic answer that may be utilized flexibly to any descendants of the BaseAggregator class.
from torchmetrics.aggregation import BaseAggregator
def suppress_nan_check(MetricClass):
assert issubclass(MetricClass, BaseAggregator), MetricClass
class DisableNanCheck(MetricClass):
def _cast_and_nan_check_input(self, x, weight=None):
if not isinstance(x, torch.Tensor):
x = torch.as_tensor(x, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
if weight isn't None and never isinstance(weight, torch.Tensor):
weight = torch.as_tensor(weight, dtype=self.dtype,
gadget=self.gadget)
if weight is None:
weight = torch.ones_like(x)
return x.to(self.dtype), weight.to(self.dtype)
return DisableNanCheck
NoNanMeanMetric = suppress_nan_check(MeanMetric)
metrics["avg_loss"] = NoNanMeanMetric().to(gadget)Put up Optimization Outcomes: Success
After implementing the 2 optimizations — specifying the load worth and disabling the NaN checks—we discover the step time efficiency and the GPU utilization to match these of our baseline experiment. As well as, the resultant PyTorch Profiler hint exhibits that the entire added “cudaStreamSynchronize” occasions that have been related to the metric assortment, have been eradicated. With just a few small modifications, we have now lowered the price of coaching by ~10% with none modifications to the conduct of the metric assortment.
Within the subsequent part we’ll discover a further Metric assortment optimization.
Instance 2: Optimizing Metric Machine Placement
Within the earlier part, the metric values resided on the GPU, making it logical to retailer and compute the metrics on the GPU. Nonetheless, in eventualities the place the values we want to mixture reside on the CPU, it could be preferable to retailer the metrics on the CPU to keep away from pointless gadget transfers.
Within the code block under, we modify our script to calculate the typical step time utilizing a MeanMetric on the CPU. This variation has no impression on the runtime efficiency of our coaching step:
avg_time = NoNanMeanMetric()
t0 = time.perf_counter()
for idx, (information, goal) in enumerate(train_loader):
# transfer information to gadget
information = information.to(gadget, non_blocking=True)
goal = goal.to(gadget, non_blocking=True)
optimizer.zero_grad()
output = mannequin(information)
loss = criterion(output, goal)
loss.backward()
optimizer.step()
if capture_metrics:
metrics["avg_loss"].replace(loss)
for title, metric in metrics.gadgets():
if title != "avg_loss":
metric.replace(output, goal)
if (idx + 1) % 100 == 0:
# compute metrics
metric_results = {
title: metric.compute().merchandise()
for title, metric in metrics.gadgets()
}
# print metrics
print(f"Step {idx + 1}: {metric_results}")
# reset metrics
for metric in metrics.values():
metric.reset()
elif (idx + 1) % 100 == 0:
# print final loss worth
print(f"Step {idx + 1}: Loss = {loss.merchandise():.4f}")
batch_time = time.perf_counter() - t0
t0 = time.perf_counter()
if idx > 10: # skip first steps
avg_time.replace(batch_time)
if enable_profiler:
prof.step()
if idx > 200:
break
if enable_profiler:
prof.cease()
avg_time = avg_time.compute().merchandise()
print(f'Common step time: {avg_time}')
print(f'Throughput: {batch_size/avg_time:.2f} photographs/sec')The issue arises once we try to increase our script to assist distributed coaching. To exhibit the issue, we modified our mannequin definition to make use of DistributedDataParallel (DDP):
# toggle to allow/disable ddp
use_ddp = True
if use_ddp:
import os
import torch.distributed as dist
from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP
os.environ["MASTER_ADDR"] = "127.0.0.1"
os.environ["MASTER_PORT"] = "29500"
dist.init_process_group("nccl", rank=0, world_size=1)
torch.cuda.set_device(0)
mannequin = DDP(torchvision.fashions.resnet18().to(gadget))
else:
mannequin = torchvision.fashions.resnet18().to(gadget)
# insert coaching loop
# append to finish of the script:
if use_ddp:
# destroy the method group
dist.destroy_process_group()The DDP modification leads to the next error:
RuntimeError: No backend sort related to gadget sort cpuBy default, metrics in distributed coaching are programmed to synchronize throughout all units in use. Nonetheless, the synchronization backend utilized by DDP doesn’t assist metrics saved on the CPU.
One solution to remedy that is to disable the cross-device metric synchronization:
avg_time = NoNanMeanMetric(sync_on_compute=False)In our case, the place we’re measuring the typical time, this answer is suitable. Nonetheless, in some circumstances, the metric synchronization is important, and we have now could don’t have any selection however to maneuver the metric onto the GPU:
avg_time = NoNanMeanMetric().to(gadget)Sadly, this example offers rise to a brand new CPU-GPU sync occasion coming from the replace perform.
This sync occasion ought to hardly come as a shock—in spite of everything, we’re updating a GPU metric with a worth residing on the CPU, which ought to necessitate a reminiscence copy. Nonetheless, within the case of a scalar metric, this information switch will be fully averted with a easy optimization.
Optimization 3: Carry out Metric Updates with Tensors as an alternative of Scalars
The answer is easy: as an alternative of updating the metric with a float worth, we convert to a Tensor earlier than calling replace.
batch_time = torch.as_tensor(batch_time)
avg_time.replace(batch_time, torch.ones_like(batch_time))This minor change bypasses the problematic line of code, eliminates the sync occasion, and restores the step time to the baseline efficiency.
At first look, this consequence could seem shocking: We might anticipate that updating a GPU metric with a CPU tensor ought to nonetheless require a reminiscence copy. Nonetheless, PyTorch optimizes operations on scalar tensors through the use of a devoted kernel that performs the addition with out an express information switch. This avoids the costly synchronization occasion that will in any other case happen.
Abstract
On this publish, we explored how a naïve method to TorchMetrics can introduce CPU-GPU synchronization occasions and considerably degrade PyTorch coaching efficiency. Utilizing PyTorch Profiler, we recognized the strains of code liable for these sync occasions and utilized focused optimizations to get rid of them:
- Explicitly specify a weight tensor when calling the
MeanMetric.replaceperform as an alternative of counting on the default worth. - Disable NaN checks within the base
Aggregatorclass or substitute them with a extra environment friendly different. - Rigorously handle the gadget placement of every metric to attenuate pointless transfers.
- Disable cross-device metric synchronization when not required.
- When the metric resides on a GPU, convert floating-point scalars to tensors earlier than passing them to the
replaceperform to keep away from implicit synchronization.
We have now created a devoted pull request on the TorchMetrics github web page overlaying a few of the optimizations mentioned on this publish. Please be at liberty to contribute your individual enhancements and optimizations!
